Surveying, Mapping and GIS

For the last few days I have been working on efforts to help Haiti earthquake response - part of this is mapping Haiti via OpenStreetMap. Currently, useful maps of Haiti are few and far between, in some case there are detailed maps for parts of the country and cities like Jacmel, but which are print maps (no digital edition exists), in many cases many decades old and outdated, in other instances the only maps which exist are small-scale, with limited detail. Commercial map platforms like Bing Maps, Google Maps and Yahoo vary greatly in their detail as well, and update cycles are slow - however, here, OpenStreetMap has been able to rapidly respond and provide very speedy and robust updates, to include capturing data about collapsed buildings, and so on.

Mikel Maron captures the speed and effectiveness of OpenStreetMap with these two screenshots of Port-Au-Prince, just before the earthquake and just after:

before:


after:


I would encourage any others who have time to contribute to get involved in this effort as well - editing can be done directly in OpenStreetMap via the 'edit' tab, which opens a web-based tool called Potlatch - or, a number of other tools are available as well. (You will need to register an account in order to edit - feel free to connect with me there as well - http://www.openstreetmap.org/user/Dave%20Smith). The OpenStreetMap WikiProject Haiti page provides a lot of good information and frequent updates. A number of data sources have been assembled, together with fresh post-earthquake imagery generously donated by companies like DigitalGlobe.

For folks who are interested in more robust tools, I primarily use Merkaartor which runs best on Windows platforms - others favor JOSM which is Java-based and runs on any platform supporting Java.

With either of these, you should be able to use the download function to navigate to an area of Haiti (select a relatively small area) and then download the OSM data

Some have wrestled with getting the various available imagery and map services to work properly in JOSM and Merkaartor - they are both a bit clunky about accessing WMS servers - I can offer some of my tips gleaned from a little debugging using Fiddler2: For Merkaartor, use Tools -> WMS Servers Editor and create a new entry with the following URL: http://maps.geography.uc.edu/cgi-bin/mapserv?map=/home/cgn/public_html/maps/mapfiles/haiti.map&version=1.1.0&SERVICE=WMS&REQUEST=GetMap? and show capabilities to access the DigitalGlobe CrisisEvent imagery (DG_crisis_event_service), select EPSG:4326 (only option available) and image/png and you should be able to go from there. If there is no image layer showing, go to Layers -> Add new image layer, and then right-click on the newly added image layer and select your newly-added WMS server for DigitalGlobe.

Digitization tasks are fairly intuitive - tools allow you to draw points, lines and polygons, as well as to create relations which allow multiple entities to be grouped together - however the absolute key to success is in proper use of tags to provide attribute values for any entities being created. These are generally intuitive as well, e.g. tag of highway, value of residential to turn a generic line into a residential road. It also helps to look at tagging of existing features, and to familiarize yourself with the features list - the OpenStreetMap wiki is searchable and quite useful. Finally, as terms of using the DigitalGlobe imagery, any data entered using their imagery should also be tagged with source=digitalglobe.

One of the other projects I have been working on is development of a set of tags that would be useful for emergency responders, relief and aid efforts - for this, I have started a wiki page http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/index.php?title=Humanitarian_OSM_Tags- any comments and thoughts can be added to the wiki page.

The New York Post has an article today, titled "Treasured Maps" - highlighting the work of Scott Stringer, who is charged with preserving historic maps of New York City - among them, the Randel Farm map, which laid out the grid of Manhattan Island from Houston to 155th St.

These historic maps show many features of streams, wetlands, lakes and other things which have since been reshaped through development - a timeline of the good, bad, and the ugly contained in a map repository going back to 1748.

The world needs more Scott Stringers - he is steward for New York County's maps - I unfortunately hear periodically of plenty of other instances where maps lie crumbling, for lack of proper preservation.

After hearing some recent trials and tribulations of a surveyor arguing a legal lot line adjustment with the county GIS department (same story repeated again and again all across the nation), it again underscores the issue of what is or isn't cadastral GIS.

In Pennsylvania, our State Law says,

“Practice of Land Surveying” means the practice of that branch of the profession of engineering which involves the location, relocation, establishment, reestablishment or retracement of any property line or boundary of any parcel of land or any road right-ofway, easement or alignment; the use of principles of land surveying, determination of the position of any monument or reference point which marks a property line boundary, or corner setting, resetting or replacing any such monument or individual point including the writing of deed descriptions; procuring or offering to procure land surveying work for himself or others; managing or conducting as managers, proprietors or agent any place of business from which land surveying work is solicited, performed, or practiced; the performance of the foregoing acts and services being prohibited to persons who are not granted certificates of registration under this act as a professional land surveyor unless exempt under other provisions of this act.

Along the historic maps vein, another ancient map receiving a lot of press of late is the Tabula Peutingeriana - this one I find tremendously fascinating, being a view of the Roman world of nearly 2000 years ago. As a kid, I grew up in Germany, near Roman ruins of the Limes Germanicus and other features, and as such, I have always been fascinated with all things ancient.

Presently, the Tabula Peutingeriana is being added to the UNESCO Memory of the World Register as an important artifact, and, given its extreme fragility, was recently placed on public display for one day in Vienna on November 26th.

The Tabula Peutingeriana is a copy of a Roman cursus publicus, which was a schematic roadmap of roads, cities and other features as developed and used in the Roman Empire. There are no longer any known copies of the original Roman cursus publicus charts, however the Tabula Peutingeriana is believed to have been transcribed from an original one by a thirteenth-century monk in Colmar, and consists of a number of sheets with schematic diagrams showing stops along routes, very similar to a modern-day subway map.


As such, it displaces many features to fit the route rather than attempting to be cartographically correct, and as such, it does not represent latitude and longitude in a conventional sense - instead accomodating the routes and features along them first and foremost, resulting in a very long, skinny map generally oriented west to east.

The geographic extent of the map is staggering, spanning the British Isles to India and Sri Lanka, showing what would have been trade and military routes, the infrastructure and cultural exchange that would have gone on in Roman times.

One of the things that I was playing around with over the weekend is trying to match up features as shown on the Tabula Peutingeriana to modern features - one of the tools I was playing around with is Microsoft Research's MapCruncher for Virtual Earth:

While I wouldn't expect MapCruncher to be able to rubbersheet a schematic map such as the Tabula Peutingeriana to a conventional map, it has nonetheless given me many insights just in being able to match up ancient designations and routes to their modern counterparts in a managed fashion, and it has made for a fun rainy (or snowy, as the case may be) day project.

Reuters is carrying a story about the preservation of the 1507 Martin Waldseemüller World map, the first known to refer to the New World as America.

Some of the individuals cited in the article express their puzzlement at how Waldseemüller was able to portray as much detail and accuracy as he did, given the extremely limited amound of knowledge that is generally believed to have been extant regarding the New World at this time - for example, Vasco Núñez De Balboa had not crossed the Isthmus of Panama to reach the Pacific until 1513, and likewise, Magellan had not rounded the southern tip of South America until 1520, yet these are shown.


Interestingly, many features in this map are reversed in subsequent maps by Waldseemüller.

The map is cited in the article as a 'keystone map', showing a fundamental shift in how Europe viewed the New World. It also raises many questions about how much we really understand geographic awareness and the availability of cartographic information in ancient times.

My own notion is that we sometimes do not give our predecessors enough credit for their knowledge of the world around them.

ESRI International User Conference 2007

Plenary Session, 6/18/2007 - Continued

Here continues my posting of notes from the UC... Still enumerating new features for 9.3...

Multiple Views

Yes, the much-awaited multiple views for ArcGIS Desktop 9.3 are coming...

Labeling

9.3 brings enhanced label management, with a "pause labeling" feature, which skips labels in interim operations, and thereby allows faster redraws and navigation.

Polygon labeling offers new options as well - "label at fixed position within polygon", labeling of all polygons on a given layer at upper right, lower left, bottom center, and so on.

Contour labeling has been enhanced, to allow groups of contour labels to be linear, in holding with cartographic standards.

A "river labeling" style has been added, to better follow rivers.

WYSIWYG Editing

ArcGIS 9.3 brings true What-You-See-Is-What-You-Get (WYSIWYG) editing of features and for cartographic representations. Currently, when a user drags an entity, it is shown in wireframe mode, but 9.3 dynamically shows what the actual feature will look like while being dragged.

Overlaps

9.3 has functionality that highlights overlaps, as well as a great new "disperse markers" feature, which allows overlapping markers to be automatically rearranged in a number of styles.

Cartographic Representations

For tips and tricks for enhanced cartographic standards and representations, and toward optimizing features and functionality in ArcGIS Desktop 9.3, ESRI has set up a "Mapping Center" website, located at http://mappingcenter.esri.com/.

Job Tracking Extension (JTX)

The new Job Tracking Extension offers interesting new functionalities for ArcGIS Desktop and Server 9.3. Essentially, it tracks and manages workflows.

(more to follow... trying to catch up with family first)

Have not posted in some time, not that there's enough to talk about, but rather far too much - I frankly have been spending quite a bit of time on the road, between several trips to Research Triangle Park, NC, Washington DC, the EPA GIS Workgroup meeting in Boston, the NCEES Northeast Zone meeting in Newport, RI... have been home for a bare handful of days over the last month and a half, and any free minutes have been devoted to home and family, rather than the blog. A ton of interesting geospatial things going on, but unfortunately I can only talk about a few of them (though I hope to)...

And upcoming... finally sat down long enough to get my flight and hotel booked for the ESRI User Conference coming up in a couple of weeks. Looking forward to it... Arriving Sunday night, and am actually going to be in San Diego until Friday evening (!)... Would have preferred to leave Thurs night or Friday AM, but given availability of flights, it didn't work out - but this way I can do something for fun on Friday.

But hey! Looking forward to going to SD again this year!! Maybe I'll gin up a little "geoblogger" badge, so don't be afraid to say 'Hi' if you see me... I haven't yet even checked to see if there are any blogger meetups. I think there are several other extracurricular events planned as well, have a few invites but haven't yet even had a chance to sort them all out.

I am looking forward to attending the EPA GIS Workgroup meeting coming up in Boston. This time around, the spring meeting will be in Boston, at the Omni Parker House Hotel, May 15th to 18th.

It will be good to refresh some contacts and make some new ones. We are hoping to make some further inroads in the EPA GIS community, combining our present USEPA geospatial expertise and SDVOSB status to reach out and support USEPA regions and other USEPA program offices. For me, it's also another opportunity to go and visit with my relatives in Massachusetts.

The Map Room blog has an interesting article discussing a reinterpretation of an old portolan chart found in a Los Angeles library vault, by author Peter Trickett. In his book Beyond Capricorn, Trickett argues the case for Portuguese discovery of Australia, long prior to the British or Dutch. According to Trickett, Portuguese explorer Christopher de Mendonca led a small fleet into Botany Bay in 1522, more than 200 years ahead of Captain Cook, and ahead of Dutch explorers as well.

Is it another Gavin Menzies adventure? The argument is rather compelling in some ways - obviously the chart describes a massive landmass, which does align well with parts of the Australian coast.

According to this MSNBC article, the map describes features one might expect in that region of Australia, however the coastline had some inconsistencies. It's argued that these inconsistencies may be either intentional and/or miscopied, including a 90° rotation along the coastline.

The Google Earth Hacks blog has a download, which overlays the map graphic (respliced with the 90° fix) atop the Australian landmass, so you can see this for yourself:

After a great meeting this afternoon, I am looking to rehash some of my previous MetaCarta work. Looks like some of the previous kinks that I was running into with using a SOAP call to the HeadNode service originally developed on MetaCarta 3.0.1 have been worked out in newer versions (we are currently standing up two boxes with 3.7), and further, it may be a good opportunity to look at the JSON API that MetaCarta has developed.

I am also anxiously awaiting some of the document focus and other enhancements that MetaCarta has coming down the pike later this year. Other things I'd like to look at are streamlined, enhanced and more-focused document crawling.

I just came across a spanish-language blog, called TopoNorte - the author features a wide variety of great geospatial and surveying content. Some items I thought were particularly great:
Cadastral mapping of Spain, using Google Maps: http://www.goolzoom.com/


And here, a publication on geodesy and UTM grids by Professor Ignacio Alonso Fernández-Coppel at the University of Valladolid:

http://www.elagrimensor.com.ar/elearning/lecturas/Las%20coordenadas%20geograficas.pdf

The MAPPS lawsuit, to clarify provisions of the Brooks act, as they pertain to geospatial, mapping and surveying activities has been postponed from this Friday to 2/9, per Adena Shutzberg at Directions Magazine - it will be interesting to see how this all pans out.

I was able to enjoy some time at the Pennsylvania Society of Land Surveyors' 2007 Conference. It was great to see many old friends again, such as the great folks at PSLS that put the conference on, the Penn State Wilkes-Barre Surveying faculty (they have an excellent program there - I was fortunate to be able to tag along as an observer in the last ABET visit to Penn State, and have known Tom Seybert since my own days at Penn State as a student), as well as many fellow surveyors, PAMAGIC members, POBers and other folks - the conversation was great, I got a lot of input and thoughts on Continuing Professional Competency, data standards and geodesy, and many other things swirling around in my life of late.

My focus was to attend some of the GPS sessions, and though I was tied up with many other things, I was actually able to attend some, such as the "Horizontal Control Survey with GPS " session by GPS guru Dr. James P. Reilly, and the "Static GPS Post-Processing" session by Brian Naberezny, of PSU and University of Maine.

I also greatly enjoyed the excellent presentation put on by Patrick Lee, as a Daniel Boone re-enactor. As a pioneer in his westward movements, Daniel Boone was involved in surveying and land grants - and some of my own Searcy ancestors were colleagues of Boone, and were also surveyors in early Kentucky.

Patrick Lee as Daniel Boone